Assessment of the Level of Adoption and Barriers of Climate-Smart Agriculture among Farmers and Livestock Holders in Baghlan Markazi District

Abstract

Climate change has become a major challenge affecting agricultural productivity, food security, and rural livelihoods in Afghanistan. This study assessed the adoption level, perceptions, and barriers of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) among farmers and livestock holders in Baghlan Markazi District, Afghanistan. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed using structured questionnaires and institutional interviews. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula for unknown populations at a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. A total of 390 respondents participated in the study, including 240 farmers and 150 livestock holders. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical methods including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The findings revealed moderate-to-high awareness regarding Climate-Smart Agriculture practices among respondents. Crop diversification and integrated crop–livestock systems showed relatively higher adoption levels, while drought-tolerant crop varieties demonstrated lower adoption. Economic limitations, weak extension services, inadequate technical training, and insufficient institutional support were identified as the major barriers affecting CSA implementation. The study concludes that strengthening agricultural extension services, improving farmer training programs, and increasing institutional and financial support are essential for promoting sustainable agriculture and climate resilience in rural farming communities of Afghanistan.