Nanomaterial-Based Sensors

Abstract

Advancements in new materials have revolutionized the field of sensors for biological and chemical applications. This review article aims to explore sensors made from nanomaterials for detection, treatment, and industrial purposes. Nano-carbons and cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) and CNM-based nanocomposites are utilized in the design of sensors and optical, electrical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. Nanomaterials, due to their extraordinary electrical and physical properties arising from their one-dimensional and two-dimensional structures, continue to be attractive for the development of high-performance sensors. One-dimensional nanomaterials include nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes. Two-dimensional nanomaterials with prominent features such as strength, lightness, and flexibility have been extensively used in various types of biological and chemical sensors. Studies indicate that sensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 with antibodies, especially field-effect transistor (FET) nanotube arrays, can effectively identify metal ions, biomolecules (hormones), viruses, and complete cells. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 without the need for antibodies often relies on molecular detection methods and biosensor-based approaches. These methods typically use specific molecules or biological structures, such as nucleotides, proteins, or other viral antigens, for virus identification and detection.